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Cropmark
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Cropmarks appear as light and dark marks in growing and ripening crops. These marks relate to differences in the soil below. For example, parched lines of grass may indicate stone walls. Crops that grow over stone features often ripen more quickly and are shorter than the surrounding crop. This is because there is less moisture in the soil where the wall lies.
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Aerial Photograph
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Aerial photographs are taken during an aerial survey, which involves looking at the ground from above. It is usually easier to see cropmarks and earthworks when they are viewed from above. Aerial photographs help archaeologists to record what they see and to identify new sites. There are two kinds of aerial photographs; oblique and vertical.
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Roman
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About 43 AD to 409 AD (the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD)
The Roman period comes after the Iron Age and before the Saxon period.
The Roman period in Britain began in 43 AD when a Roman commander called Aulus Plautius invaded the south coast, near Kent. There were a series of skirmishes with the native Britons, who were defeated. In the months that followed, more Roman troops arrived and slowly moved westwards and northwards. more ->
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MANOR FARM *
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A farm on the estate of a manor.
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SITE *
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Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible.
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FLOOR *
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A layer of stone, brick or boards, etc, on which people tread. Use broader site type where known.
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FEATURE *
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Areas of indeterminate function.
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FLUE *
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A passageway, duct or pipe use for the conveyance of heat, gasses, smoke or air.
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DRAIN *
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An artificial channel for draining water or carrying it off.
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CHURCH *
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A building used for public Christian worship. Use more specific type where known.
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FARMSTEAD *
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The homestead of a farm consisting of a farmhouse and working farm buildings, with yards, other working areas and usually a garden to the house.
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VILLA *
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A term for a type of house, with varying definitions according to period. Roman villas were high-status and usually associated with a rural estate, whereas Georgian and later period villas were often semi-detached, town houses.
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LINEAR FEATURE *
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A length of straight, curved or angled earthwork or cropmark of uncertain date or function.
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ENCLOSURE *
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An area of land enclosed by a boundary ditch, bank, wall, palisade or other similar barrier. Use specific type where known.
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DITCH *
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A long and narrow hollow or trench dug in the ground, often used to carry water though it may be dry for much of the year.
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FIELD DRAIN *
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An unsocketed earthenware or porous concrete pipe laid end to end unjointed so as to drain the ground.
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TRACKWAY *
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A pathway, not necessarily designed as such, beaten down by the feet of travellers.
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TERRACE *
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A row of houses attached to and adjoining one another and planned and built as one unit.
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* Copyright of English Heritage (1999)