{\rtf1 {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green50\blue142;} {\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}} {\info{\title Test}{\author WCC HER}} {\footer\pard\ql\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw5\brsp100\fs16 All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council \par} \par\f0\fs32\qc\b WARWICKSHIRE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD \b0\fs24 { \par\par\fs26 \trowd\trhdr\trgaph30\trbrdrt\trbrdrl\trbrdrr\trbrdrb\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8290\pard\intbl\qc\b Information for record number WA2157\b0\cell\pard\intbl\row } { \par\fs20 \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Site Name and Summary \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql Castle Mill, the site of several watermills dating from the Medieval to the Imperial period. The present building dates from the 18th century. The main waterwheel survives at the southern end of Mill Street, Warwick, but no machinery is left.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Type: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Watermill, Mill, Hydroelectric Power Station\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Period: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Medieval - Modern (1066 AD - 1954 AD)\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Location \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Parish: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Warwick\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql District: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Warwick, Warwickshire\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Grid Reference: \cell\pard\intbl\ql SP 28 64\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Level of Protection \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql Old SMR PrefRef \parListed Building (Grade: II*) \par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Description \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source Number \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b \par\b 1 \b0 The earliest reference to mills attached to the castle is in 1150. These stood about 100m downstream from the present site and were totally destroyed by floods in the early 14th century. Later in the century a mill was built on the present site immediately below the castle. It was leased to many tenants, all having trouble maintaining the mill because of the constant threat of floods. In 1767 the mill took on its present appearance, the walls being raised and castellated. Information on ownership exists for the 16th, 17th and 19th centuries. In 1894 an electricity generating plant was installed in the empty mill house to supply the castle. This was dismantled in 1954. The low stone building still stands but contains no machinery. The main waterwheel remains and is sited externally on the river end of the building. \par\b 2 \b0 A rapid archaeological survey of the mill suggested that the shell of the original building is largely that built in 1767-8 by Timothy Lightoler with the tower to the east by Thomas Briscoe. \b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Sources \b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source No:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 1\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source Type:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Bibliographic reference\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Title:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Warwickshire Watermills\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Author/Originator:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Booth D T N\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Date:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 1978\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Page Number:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 83-4\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Volume/Sheet:\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source No:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 2\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source Type:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Serial\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Title:\cell\pard\intbl\ql WMA (West Midlands Archaeology) vol 43\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Author/Originator:\cell\pard\intbl\ql CBA West Midlands\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Date:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 2000\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Page Number:\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Volume/Sheet:\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Word or Phrase\b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql\b Description\b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql WMA\cell\pard\intbl\ql West Midlands Archaeology. This publication contains a short description for each of the sites where archaeological work has taken place in the previous year. It covers Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands and Worcestershire. Some of these descriptions include photographs, plans and drawings of the sites and/or the finds that have been discovered. The publication is produced by the Council For British Archaeology (CBA) West Midlands and is published annually. Copies are held at the Warwickshire Sites and Monuments Record. \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Modern\cell\pard\intbl\ql The Modern Period, about 1915 AD to the present (the 20th and 21st centuries AD)\par\parIn recent years archaeologists have realised the importance of recording modern sites. They do this so that in the future people will be able to look at the remains to help them understand the events to which they are related.[more]\par\parOne of these events is the Second World War (1939 – 1945). The war began when Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939. This happened because Adolf Hitler invaded Poland despite earlier promises that he would not. Several months later he invaded France. With the Germans sitting just over the other side of the English Channel, Britain feared that it too would be invaded. To stop this happening, defences were quickly built along the coasts and transport routes. New airfields were also built so that British planes could prevent the Germans bombing the country. \par\parArchaeological sites relating to the war are still visible in Warwickshire. Pillboxes were built to defend the main roads, canals and railways. One example exists at Butler’s Leap, Clifton on Dunsmore. This pillbox was built to defend the Oxford Canal. There is another pillbox along the same canal near Priors Hardwick.\par\parA number of new airfields were built in Warwickshire during the Second World War. Some of these were used for training aircrew. One such airfield was located at Church Lawford. At some of the airfield sites the runways are still visible, as are some of the buildings associated with the airfield such as pillboxes, air raid shelters and battle headquarters.\par\parThe end of the war came with the devastating explosion of the first nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In the 1950s the more powerful countries in the world started to make their own nuclear bombs. This led to a period of mistrust and rivalry between Western countries (America and Britain) and powers such as the Soviet Union. This period is known as the Cold War and was a time when the threat of nuclear attack on Britain became an alarming possibility. \par\parIn order to monitor the possibility of attacks and their aftermath if they actually happened, a network of underground monitoring posts were built. Some of them were built in Warwickshire, one example being at Church Lawford. \par\par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Medieval\cell\pard\intbl\ql 1066 AD to 1539 AD (the 11th century AD to the 16th century AD)\par\parThe medieval period comes after the Saxon period and before the post medieval period.\par\parThe Medieval period begins in 1066 AD. \parThis was the year that the Normans, led by William the Conqueror (1066 – 1087), invaded England and defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in East Sussex. \parThe Medieval period includes the first half of the Tudor period (1485 – 1603 AD), when the Tudor family reigned in England and eventually in Scotland too. \par \parThe end of the Medieval period is marked by Henry VIII’s (1509 – 1547) order for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the years running up to 1539 AD. The whole of this period is sometimes called the Middle Ages.[more]\par\parThe Normans are well known for building the first motte and bailey castles. There are a number of these in Warwickshire. Brinklow Castle and Boteler’s Castle, near Alcester, are fine examples. Warwick Castle and Kenilworth Castle began their long histories as motte and bailey castles.\par\parSettlement\parThe Domesday Book was written in the reign of William the Conqueror. It was completed in about 1086 AD. \parIt is a detailed statement of lands held by the king and his tenants and of the resources that went with those lands, for example which manors belonged to which estates. \parDomesday Book was probably put together so that William knew how much tax he was getting from the country. It provides archaeologists and historians with a detailed picture of the size of settlements and the population at the beginning of the medieval period. Many of these settlements were later deserted as a result of a number of causes, including changes to land tenure. In other cases the focal point of settlements physically shifted. Either way, Warwickshire is well known for the contrast in types of settlement between the Arden area of the north west and the Feldon area of the south and east. In the Arden area medieval settlements were of the small, dispersed type, whilst in the Feldon area the settlements developed into nucleated villages. Some medieval deserted settlements in Warwickshire can still be traced as earthworks. A good example exists at Wormleighton. \par\parTraces of medieval farming survive in many parts of Warwickshire as earthworks of ridge and furrow cultivation. Ridge and furrow earthworks show where the land was ploughed so that crops could be grown. The ridges and furrows formed because successive years of ploughing caused the soil to be drawn up into ridges whilst the furrows lying between them became deeper. The fields were ploughed using a team of oxen pulling a small plough, which was very difficult to turn. This accounts for why the land was ploughed in long strips and why fields were left open i.e. without hedges, fences or walls dividing up the land into smaller pockets.\par\parFarms were much smaller in the medieval period. The people who farmed the land did not own it. The land belonged to the lord of the manor. The people farming the land were simply tenants who worked a strip of land or maybe several strips. This is why medieval farming is sometimes called strip farming. \par\parTowns\parAt the time that Domesday Book was written the only town in what is now called Warwickshire was Warwick. Documentary evidence shows us that as the years went on more and more markets appeared in the county. By 1450 there were forty. \par\parThe towns that grew around the markets were different from the surrounding villages in their appearance and the type of people who lived in them. They were larger than the villages and had a more complicated network of streets and lanes. The towns had an open space in the centre where a market was held each week. The houses and workshops that lined the streets had long narrow strips of land behind them called tenements. Some historic maps show these medieval build\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Imperial\cell\pard\intbl\ql 1751 AD to 1914 AD (end of the 18th century AD to the beginning of the 20th century AD) \par\parThis period comes after the Post Medieval period and before the modern period and starts with beginning of the Industrial Revolution in 1750. It includes the second part of the Hannoverian period (1714 – 1836) and the Victorian period (1837 – 1901). The Imperial period ends with the start of the First World War in 1914.[more]\par\parFrom 1750 onwards there were rapid developments in technology. New inventions, such as the steam engine, made manufacturing possible on a large scale. Mills and factories were built and towns began to grow. \parMore people started to live and work in towns rather than the countryside. Hat factories opened in Atherstone, Nuneaton and Bedworth. Alcester and the Arrow Valley is known for its needle mills.\par\parCoal was needed to produce steam, which ran the machinery in the factories. Collieries were opened up all over the northern part of Warwickshire. A network of canals, and their associated wharves, locks and lock keepers’ cottages, was also built so that the coal could be transported from the coal mines to the factories. The Coventry Canal, for example, linking Coventry, Nuneaton and Tamworth was built during the 1770s. The Grand Union Canal was completed in 1800.\par\parWarwickshire’s railways were built during this period. The first was opened in 1826. It ran from Stratford through the south Warwickshire countryside to Moreton in Marsh, with a branch running to Shipston on Stour.\par\parAt the beginning of the 1800s Leamington Spa grew as a royal spa town. A number of springs were discovered which were believed to be beneficial for medical purposes. Those people who could afford to, visited the town to drink and bathe in the water at the The Royal Pump Rooms, which were built in 1814. \par\parMany of the buildings in the centre of the town date to the time, which is called the Regency period. It has been given this name because it was when George III’s son acted as the Regent or king because his father was ill.\par\parThe opening of spas in other parts of Warwickshire was not as successful. In the 1830s a group of businessmen came up with the idea of developing an inland visitor resort. They built the Victoria Spa at Bishopton, which opened in 1837. It was not as popular with visitors as they had expected and so it closed some time later and the businessmen lost all their money.\par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql modern\cell\pard\intbl\ql About 1915 AD to the present (the 20th and 21st centuries AD)\par\parIn recent years archaeologists have realised the importance of recording modern sites. They do this so that in the future people will be able to look at the remains to help them understand the events to which they are related.[more]\par\parOne of these events is the Second World War (1939 – 1945). The war began when Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939. This happened because Adolf Hitler invaded Poland despite earlier promises that he would not. Several months later he invaded France. With the Germans sitting just over the other side of the English Channel, Britain feared that it too would be invaded. To stop this happening, defences were quickly built along the coasts and transport routes. New airfields were also built so that British planes could prevent the Germans bombing the country. \par\parArchaeological sites relating to the war are still visible in Warwickshire. Pillboxes were built to defend the main roads, canals and railways. One example exists at Butler’s Leap, Clifton on Dunsmore. This pillbox was built to defend the Oxford Canal. There is another pillbox along the same canal near Priors Hardwick.\par\parA number of new airfields were built in Warwickshire during the Second World War. Some of these were used for training aircrew. One such airfield was located at Church Lawford. At some of the airfield sites the runways are still visible, as are some of the buildings associated with the airfield such as pillboxes, air raid shelters and battle headquarters.\par\parThe end of the war came with the devastating explosion of the first nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In the 1950s the more powerful countries in the world started to make their own nuclear bombs. This led to a period of mistrust and rivalry between Western countries (America and Britain) and powers such as the Soviet Union. This period is known as the Cold War and was a time when the threat of nuclear attack on Britain became an alarming possibility. \par\parIn order to monitor the possibility of attacks and their aftermath if they actually happened, a network of underground monitoring posts were built. Some of them were built in Warwickshire, one example being at Church Lawford. \par\parMilitary monuments are not the only 20th century sites that are recorded on the Warwickshire Sites and Monuments Record. Other sites include, for example, the hydroelectric power station at Alscot built in 1912, a BBC radio transmitter site at Brinklow Heath built in 1966, and the modern memorial to the Battle of Edgehill, which was erected in 1949.\par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql SITE\cell\pard\intbl\ql Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql BUILDING\cell\pard\intbl\ql A structure with a roof to provide shelter from the weather for occupants or contents. Use specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql STONE\cell\pard\intbl\ql Use only where stone is natural or where there is no indication of function.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql MILL\cell\pard\intbl\ql A factory used for processing raw materials. Use more specific mill type where known. See also TEXTILE MILL, for more narrow terms.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql TOWER\cell\pard\intbl\ql A tall building, either round, square or polygonal in plan, used for a variety of purposes, including defence, as a landmark, for the hanging of bells, industrial functions, etc. Use more specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql MACHINERY\cell\pard\intbl\ql Apparatus used for applying a mechanical force, or to perform a particular function. Use more specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql MILL HOUSE\cell\pard\intbl\ql The residence of a miller, often attached to a mill.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql CASTLE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A fortress and dwelling, usually medieval in origin, and often consisting of a keep, curtain wall and towers etc.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql WATERMILL\cell\pard\intbl\ql A mill whose machinery is driven by water.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql WALL\cell\pard\intbl\ql An enclosing structure composed of bricks, stones or similar materials, laid in courses. Use specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row } }
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