{\rtf1 {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green50\blue142;} {\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}} {\info{\title Test}{\author WCC HER}} {\footer\pard\ql\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw5\brsp100\fs16 All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council \par} \par\f0\fs32\qc\b WARWICKSHIRE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD \b0\fs24 { \par\par\fs26 \trowd\trhdr\trgaph30\trbrdrt\trbrdrl\trbrdrr\trbrdrb\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8290\pard\intbl\qc\b Information for record number WA9189\b0\cell\pard\intbl\row } { \par\fs20 \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Site Name and Summary \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql Ongoing excavations at Ling Hall Quarry (1989-1999) have uncovered various features of Prehistoric date. These include Mesolithic flints, Bronze Age burial remains, pit alignments and Iron Age hut circle and land holdings. Also pits, post holes, gullies and multi-period finds.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Type: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Cinerary Urn, Pit Alignment, Ring Ditch, Rectangular Enclosure, Hut Circle, Post Hole, Pit\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Period: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Middle Bronze Age - Middle Iron Age (2499 BC - 101 BC)\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Location \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Parish: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Church Lawford\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql District: \cell\pard\intbl\ql Rugby, Warwickshire\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Grid Reference: \cell\pard\intbl\ql SP 44 73\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Level of Protection \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql Old SMR PrefRef \par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Description \b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source Number \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Prehistoric features and finds \par\b 1 \b0 Ongoing excavations at Ling Hall Quarry (1989-1999) have uncovered several features/finds of Prehistoric date. A small group of Mesolithic flints represents the earliest human activity on site. The next phase is Early Bronze Age, comprising an urn cremation burial and elsewhere a post hole alignment interpreted as evidence of boundary construction. The alignment is later replaced by a system of land holdings defined by pit alignments. A mini ring ditch also dates to this era. Several Iron Age rectangular enclosures are built axially on the later alignments. An Iron Age round house, several banana gullies and numerous small pits and postholes also found together with pottery assemblage and a single quern fragment. A neighbouring site had a banana gully and three four-post structures that were interpreted as mortuary activity. \b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Sources \b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source No:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 1\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Source Type:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Excavation Report\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Title:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Ling Hall Quarry, Church Lawford Arch Excavations 1989-1999\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Author/Originator:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Palmer S\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Date:\cell\pard\intbl\ql 2002\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Page Number:\cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Volume/Sheet:\cell\pard\intbl\ql Report No 0210\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\ql \cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql\b Word or Phrase\b0\cell\pard\intbl\ql\b Description\b0\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Excavation (also known as 'digging')\cell\pard\intbl\ql Archaeologists excavate sites so that they can find information and recover archaeological materials before they are destroyed by erosion, construction or changes in land-use. \par\parDepending on how complicated and widespread the archaeological deposits are, excavation can be done by hand or with heavy machinery. Archaeologists may excavate a site in a number of ways; either by open area excavation, by digging a test pit or a trial trench.[more] \par\parAn important part of any archaeological excavation is the recording of artefacts and deposits with measurements, plans and photographs. Archaeologists are just as interested in finding information about the context of artefacts as they are in the artefacts themselves. \par\parDuring an excavation, archaeologists will recover many kinds of samples. In addition to recording common artefacts, such as pieces of pottery, archaeologists take environmental samples. This is done so that they can find other materials such as pollen, plant parts, human and animal bone, and shell.\par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Prehistoric\cell\pard\intbl\ql About 500,000 BC to 42 AD\par\parThe Prehistoric period covers all the periods from the Palaeolithic to the end of the Iron Age. \parThis is a time when people did not write anything down so there is no documentary evidence for archaeologists to look at. Instead, the archaeologists look at the material culture belonging to the people and the places where they lived for clues about their way of life.\par\parThe Prehistoric period is divided into the Early Prehistoric and Later Prehistoric. \parThe Early Prehistoric period covers the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. \parThe Later Prehistoric period covers Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age times.[more] \par\parIn the Bronze Age people discovered how to use bronze. They used it to make tools and other objects. Before the Bronze Age, people used materials such as stone, wood, hide and bone to make their tools and continued to do so until the present day. Wood, hide and bone are organic materials which decay so archaeologists usually only find the stone objects, hence the word ‘lithic’ (from the greek word for stone) at the end of the period names Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age).\par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Mesolithic\cell\pard\intbl\ql About 10,000 BC to 4001 BC\par\parMesolithic means 'Middle Stone Age'. It is the period that comes between the Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) and the Neolithic (New Stone Age).\par\parThe Mesolithic period is a period of transition from the way people were living during the Palaeolithic period as hunter-gatherers to the development of farming in the Neolithic period.[more] \par\parDuring the Mesolithic period the climate became warmer. The ice sheets that covered much of northern Europe had largely melted by the beginning of this period. Large forests grew in their place. \parPeople had to adapt to these changing climatic conditions. The stone tools that people used also changed. People developed specialised stone tool kits in this period, which often included very small sharp blades called microliths.\par\parMany of these stone tools have been found in Warwickshire during field walking surveys. Some tools have also been found during archaeological excavations near Kisses Barn, Polesworth and during the building of the Birmingham Northern Relief Road at Wishaw. \par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Bronze Age\cell\pard\intbl\ql About 2500 BC to 700 BC\par\parThe Bronze Age comes after the Neolithic period and before the Iron Age.\par\parThe day to day life of people in the Bronze Age probably changed little from how their ancestors had lived during the Neolithic period. They still lived in farmsteads, growing crops and rearing animals. \par\parDuring the Bronze Age people discovered how to use bronze, an alloy of tin and copper (hence the name that has given to this era). They used it to make their tools and other objects, although they continued to use flint and a range of organic materials as well. A range of bronze axes, palstaves and spears has been found in Warwickshire.[more]\par\parPeople continued to use henges and cursus monuments during the early Bronze Age but later in this period these ceremonial monuments appear to have fallen out of use. There was a shift away from mass burial of the dead, in long barrows, to individual burials, in round barrows. In the middle and late Bronze Age people were buried in cremation cemeteries instead of round barrows. There is more evidence for settlement from this period and a number of Warwickshire’s sites are visible as cropmarks on aerial photographs. \par\parIn the 19th century, archaeologists excavated a number of round barrows in the southwest of England. Many of the barrows contained ‘beakers’, distinctive bell-shaped, decorated drinking vessels. The archaeologists at this time thought that the people buried in the barrows belonged to a different race that had invaded Britain and brought with them new skills that were superior to those of the native population. Because the grave goods of these people usually included beakers, the 19th century archaeologists named them the ‘Beaker People’ or ‘Beaker Folk’. Modern research, however, has shown that 'Beaker Culture' was not limited to a distinctive group of people. It is more likely that innovations, introduced from Europe, through immigrants and by trade links, were adopted by the native population of Britain.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql Iron Age\cell\pard\intbl\ql About 800 BC to 43 AD\par\parThe Iron Age comes after the Bronze Age and before the Roman period. It is a time when people developed the skills and knowledge to work and use iron, hence the name ‘Iron Age’ which is given to this period. Iron is a much tougher and more durable metal than bronze but it also requires more skill to make objects from it. People continued to use bronze during this period.[more]\par\parIn Warwickshire, as in other areas of Britain, the Iron Age seemed to be a time when people were involved in dividing up the land with territorial boundaries. \parSome archaeologists think that the land boundaries of this period were made by groups of people who were organised into tribes. These boundaries can take the form of pit alignments or linear banks and/or ditches, sometimes accompanied by palisades. \par\parAmongst the sites in Warwickshire are a complex of pit alignments and linear ditches on Dunsmore Heath and a large complex of ditches known as Hobditch in the parishes of Tanworth in Arden and Ullenhall.\par\parThe Iron Age is also characterised by hillforts, although the construction of some of these monuments had begun in the Bronze Age. Warwickshire examples include Meon Hill, Wappenbury and Nadbury which all survive as earthworks. Enclosed settlements are also a feature of this period and usually incorporate round houses.\par\parIt is during the Iron Age that people started using currency bars, long bars of iron, often shaped like a sword. The bars may have been used to trade with, being given in exchange for goods and other objects. Some archaeologists think that they were also used in rituals. Currency bars found at three Warwickshire sites had all been placed in boundary ditches surrounding either enclosed settlements or hillforts. The hoard of currency bars discovered at Meon Hill, in the parish of Quinton, in 1824, is the largest hoard in Britain, containing 394 iron ingots. \par\parThe first coins to be found in Britain date to the Iron Age. Just over 30 Iron Age coins have been found in Warwickshire. They are sometimes called ‘staters’. Gold coins began to be used in the south-east of Britain from at least 250 BC and they gradually spread northwards. The coins had a very high value and were probably not used in the same way that we use money today for day-to-day purchases. Iron Age coins were probably exchanged between high-ranking people as gifts. \par\parArchaeologists often find broken pieces of pottery, called 'sherds', when they excavate Iron Age sites. Throughout much of the Iron Age period pots were handmade from local clay and fired in bonfire kilns. Pots were used for cooking, for serving food and eating out of. Cooking pots were not usually decorated or polished. Serving bowls, on the other hand, were sometimes highly decorated and polished by burnishing (rubbing to achieve a glossy surface) before being fired. \parPeople made different types of pots or decorated them in distinctive ways in different parts of Britain. \par\parTowards the end of the Iron Age people started changing the way in which they made their pots. The new and modified shapes of the pots suggest that people were cooking new foods being imported from northern Europe. These new types of pot were also different because they were wheel-made. In earlier times pots had been handmade. \par\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql HOUSE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A building for human habitation, especially a dwelling place. Use more specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql SITE\cell\pard\intbl\ql Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql CREMATION BURIAL\cell\pard\intbl\ql The site of the formal burial of cremated bone, sometimes 'urned' in a vessel or casket of glass, wood or, more commonly, ceramic.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql ARCH\cell\pard\intbl\ql A structure over an opening usually formed of wedge-shaped blocks of brick or stone held together by mutual pressure and supported at the sides; they can also be formed from moulded concrete/ cast metal. A component; use for free-standing structure only.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql BOUNDARY\cell\pard\intbl\ql The limit to an area as defined on a map or by a marker of some form, eg. BOUNDARY WALL. Use specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql URN\cell\pard\intbl\ql A garden ornament, usually of stone or metal, designed in the the form of a vase used to receive the ashes of the dead.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql FEATURE\cell\pard\intbl\ql Areas of indeterminate function.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A rectangular shaped area of land enclosed by a boundary ditch, bank, wall, palisade or similar barrier.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql GULLY\cell\pard\intbl\ql A deep gutter, drain or sink.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql CHURCH\cell\pard\intbl\ql A building used for public Christian worship. Use more specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql PIT\cell\pard\intbl\ql A hole or cavity in the ground, either natural or the result of excavation. Use more specific type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql PIT ALIGNMENT\cell\pard\intbl\ql A single line, or pair of roughly parallel lines, of pits set at intervals along a common axis or series of axes. The pits are not thought to have held posts.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql RING DITCH\cell\pard\intbl\ql Circular or near circular ditches, usually seen as cropmarks. Use the term where the function is unknown. Ring ditches may be the remains of ploughed out round barrows, round houses, or of modern features such as searchlight emplacements.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql BURIAL\cell\pard\intbl\ql An interment of human or animal remains. Use specific type where known. If component use with wider site type. Use FUNERARY SITE for optimum retrieval in searches.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql HUT CIRCLE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A round house indicated by the presence of a low, roughly circular bank of turf, earth or stone, which formed the base of the walls. Characteristic of the later prehistoric period. Where several occur together use HUT CIRCLE SETTLEMENT.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql STRUCTURE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A construction of unknown function, either extant or implied by archaeological evidence. If known, use more specific type.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql ROUND\cell\pard\intbl\ql A small, Iron Age/Romano-British enclosed settlement found in South West England.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql QUARRY\cell\pard\intbl\ql An excavation from which stone for building and other functions, is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql POST HOLE\cell\pard\intbl\ql A hole dug to provide a firm base for an upright post, often with stone packing. Use broader monument type where known.\cell\pard\intbl\row \trowd\trgaph30\trleft0\trrh0\cellx2000\cellx8300\pard\intbl\ql MORTUARY\cell\pard\intbl\ql A building or room used for holding, viewing, identifying or examining dead bodies prior to burial or cremation.\cell\pard\intbl\row } }
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