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Documentary Evidence
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Documentary evidence is another name for written records. The first written records in Britain date back to the Roman period. Documentary evidence can take many different forms, including maps, charters, letters and written accounts.
When archaeologists are researching a site, they often start by looking at documentary evidence to see if there are clues that will help them understand what they might find. Documentary evidence can help archaeologists understand sites that are discovered during an excavation, field survey or aerial survey.
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Aerial Photograph
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Aerial photographs are taken during an aerial survey, which involves looking at the ground from above. It is usually easier to see cropmarks and earthworks when they are viewed from above. Aerial photographs help archaeologists to record what they see and to identify new sites. There are two kinds of aerial photographs; oblique and vertical.
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COOKHOUSE *
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A camp kitchen, usually associated with the military.
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SITE *
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Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible.
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CANTEEN *
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A self-service dining room, especially for workers/employees; also in institutions, such as schools, hospitals, etc.
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BUILDING *
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A structure with a roof to provide shelter from the weather for occupants or contents. Use specific type where known.
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PARK *
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An enclosed piece of land, generally large in area, used for hunting, the cultivation of trees, for grazing sheep and cattle or visual enjoyment. Use more specific type where known.
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ABLUTIONS BLOCK *
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A building housing washing facilities and toilets. The term occurs mainly in a military context.
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ROAD *
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A way between different places, used by horses, travellers on foot and vehicles.
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WATER TOWER *
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A tower serving as a reservoir to deliver water at a required point.
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HUT *
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A building of basic construction, usually smaller in size than a house and constructed from a variety of materials such as mud, turf, branches, wood, brick, concrete or metal. Use more specific type where known.
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SEWAGE WORKS *
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A group of buildings in which local sewage is filtered and purified in large rectangular or circular tanks.
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BRIDGE *
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A structure of wood, stone, iron, brick or concrete, etc, with one or more intervals under it to span a river or other space. Use specific type where known.
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FOOTBALL PITCH *
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A prepared area of grass on which the game of football is played.
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MEDICAL BLOCK *
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A building, usually part of a complex, where medical treatment and hospital facilities are provided.
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HOSPITAL *
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An establishment providing medical or surgical treatment for the ill or wounded. Use narrower term where possible.
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MESS *
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A military dining room where members of the armed forces eat and take recreation.
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PRISONER OF WAR CAMP *
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A prison site for the containment of servicemen captured in war.
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HOSTEL *
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A building, usually containing several dormitories, used as a cheap, short term residence. Use more specific term if known.
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SICK QUARTERS *
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A building used for the accommodation of sick and wounded members of the armed forces.
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ROW *
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A row of buildings built during different periods, as opposed to a TERRACE.
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CROSS *
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A free-standing structure, in the form of a cross (+), symbolizing the structure on which Jesus Christ was crucified and sacred to the Christian faith. Use specific type where known.
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CELL BLOCK *
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A building containing a number of single roomed cells used for detaining prisoners.
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OFFICE *
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A building or room where business, administrative or professional activities are conducted. Use specific type where known.
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TARGET *
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Any structure or object, used for the purpose of practice shooting by aerial, seaborne or land mounted weapons.
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* Copyright of English Heritage (1999)