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Registered Park or Garden
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Parks and gardens that are considered to be of historic importance are placed on a register. The register comprises a variety of town gardens, public parks and country estates. The main purpose of the register is to help ensure that the features and qualities that make the parks and gardens special are safeguarded if changes are being considered which could affect them.
The gardens on the register are divided into three grades in order to give some guidance about their significance, in a similar way to Listed Buildings. The majority of parks and gardens on the Register are of sufficient interest as to be designated as grade II. Some, however, are recognised as being of exceptional historic interest and are awarded a star giving them grade II* status. A small number are of international importance, and are classified as grade I.
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Documentary Evidence
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Documentary evidence is another name for written records. The first written records in Britain date back to the Roman period. Documentary evidence can take many different forms, including maps, charters, letters and written accounts.
When archaeologists are researching a site, they often start by looking at documentary evidence to see if there are clues that will help them understand what they might find. Documentary evidence can help archaeologists understand sites that are discovered during an excavation, field survey or aerial survey.
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Modern
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The Modern Period, about 1915 AD to the present (the 20th and 21st centuries AD)
In recent years archaeologists have realised the importance of recording modern sites. They do this so that in the future people will be able to look at the remains to help them understand the events to which they are related. more ->
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Medieval
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1066 AD to 1539 AD (the 11th century AD to the 16th century AD)
The medieval period comes after the Saxon period and before the post medieval period.
The Medieval period begins in 1066 AD. This was the year that the Normans, led by William the Conqueror (1066 – 1087), invaded England and defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in East Sussex. The Medieval period includes the first half of the Tudor period (1485 – 1603 AD), when the Tudor family reigned in England and eventually in Scotland too. The end of the Medieval period is marked by Henry VIII’s (1509 – 1547) order for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the years running up to 1539 AD. The whole of this period is sometimes called the Middle Ages. more ->
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modern
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About 1915 AD to the present (the 20th and 21st centuries AD)
In recent years archaeologists have realised the importance of recording modern sites. They do this so that in the future people will be able to look at the remains to help them understand the events to which they are related. more ->
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DOVECOTE *
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A building, or part of a building, used to house doves and pigeons, usually placed at a height above the ground, with openings and provision inside for roosting and breeding.
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YARD *
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A paved area, generally found at the back of a house.
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POOL *
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A small body of water, either natural or artificial.
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ROSE GARDEN *
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A garden, often geometrical in layout, or area for the cultivation of roses.
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TOILET *
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A small room or building containing a lavatory and, in more recent times, washing facilities.
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CIVIL *
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This is the top term for the class. See CIVIL Class List for narrow terms.
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GRANGE *
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An outlying farm or estate, usually belonging to a religious order or feudal lord. Specifically related to core buildings and structures associated with monastic land holding. Use specific term where known.
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PADDOCK *
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An enclosed field for horses.
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HOUSE *
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A building for human habitation, especially a dwelling place. Use more specific type where known.
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VILLAGE *
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A collection of dwelling-houses and other buildings, usually larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a simpler organisation and administration than the latter.
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SITE *
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Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible.
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HARD *
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A firm beach or foreshore used for landing and loading of ships and other vessels. In more recent times hards have been reinforced with concrete.
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HERBACEOUS BORDER *
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A long bed planted with perennial flowers and plants.
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BORDER *
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A strip of ground forming a fringe to a garden. Use more specific type where known.
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KITCHEN GARDEN *
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A private garden established primarily for growing vegetables and herbs for domestic consumption.
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LODGE *
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A small building, often inhabited by a gatekeeper, gamekeeper or similar. Use specific type where known.
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TOPIARY GARDEN *
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A garden containing trees or shrubs pruned and trained into various geometric, zoomorphic or fantastic shapes.
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BUILDING *
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A structure with a roof to provide shelter from the weather for occupants or contents. Use specific type where known.
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STONE *
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Use only where stone is natural or where there is no indication of function.
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FORMAL GARDEN *
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A garden of regular, linear or geometrical design, often associated with the traditional Italian, French and Dutch styles.
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PARK *
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An enclosed piece of land, generally large in area, used for hunting, the cultivation of trees, for grazing sheep and cattle or visual enjoyment. Use more specific type where known.
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ARCH *
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A structure over an opening usually formed of wedge-shaped blocks of brick or stone held together by mutual pressure and supported at the sides; they can also be formed from moulded concrete/ cast metal. A component; use for free-standing structure only.
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BOUNDARY *
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The limit to an area as defined on a map or by a marker of some form, eg. BOUNDARY WALL. Use specific type where known.
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URN *
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A garden ornament, usually of stone or metal, designed in the the form of a vase used to receive the ashes of the dead.
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FEATURE *
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Areas of indeterminate function.
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TOWER *
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A tall building, either round, square or polygonal in plan, used for a variety of purposes, including defence, as a landmark, for the hanging of bells, industrial functions, etc. Use more specific type where known.
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POND *
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A body of still water often artificially formed for a specific purpose. Use specifc type where known.
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DRIVE *
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A road/carriage way giving access from the main road to the house, stables.
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OBELISK *
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A tall, tapering pillar with a pyramidal top, generally square on plan. Used in England from the late 16th century as a public, funerary or garden monument.
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PATH *
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A way made for pedestrians, especially one merely made by walking (often not specially constructed).
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SHELTER *
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A structure which protects an area of ground from the weather.
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WALK *
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A place or path for walking in a park or garden. Use more specific type where possible.
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CASTLE *
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A fortress and dwelling, usually medieval in origin, and often consisting of a keep, curtain wall and towers etc.
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TENNIS COURT *
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A prepared area, traditionally grass, where tennis is played.
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PEDESTAL *
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A concrete, cylindrical pedestal on which a spigot mortar was mounted. The pedestal is often the only evidence for a Spigot Mortar emplacement to survive.
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PASTURE *
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A field covered with herbage for the grazing of livestock.
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PARTERRE *
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A level space in a garden occupied by ornamental flower beds.
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SQUARE ENCLOSURE *
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A square shaped area of land enclosed by a boundary ditch, bank, wall, palisade or similar barrier. Small square enclosures (with sides of less than c.20m) have been interpreted as the remains of square barrows of Iron Age date.
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GATEHOUSE *
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A gateway with one or more chambers over the entrance arch; the flanking towers housing stairs and additional rooms. Use with wider site type where known.
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WELL *
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A shaft or pit dug in the ground over a supply of spring-water.
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CASCADE *
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An artificial fall of water often taking the form of a water staircase.
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ENCLOSURE *
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An area of land enclosed by a boundary ditch, bank, wall, palisade or other similar barrier. Use specific type where known.
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WOOD *
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A tract of land with trees, sometimes acting as a boundary or barrier, usually smaller and less wild than a forest.
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BASTION *
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A flanking tower, or projection from the main walls of a defensive work from which a garrison can defend the ground in front or on the flank.
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FONT *
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A vessel, usually made of stone, which contains the consecrated water for baptism. Use a broader monument type if possible.
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DITCH *
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A long and narrow hollow or trench dug in the ground, often used to carry water though it may be dry for much of the year.
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FOOTBRIDGE *
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A narrow bridge for people and animals to cross on foot.
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SQUARE *
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An open space or area, usually square in plan, in a town or city, enclosed by residential and/or commercial buildings, frequently containing a garden or laid out with trees.
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WATER GARDEN *
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A garden incorporating fountains and pools in which aquatic and other water-loving plants are grown.
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ROCK GARDEN *
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A garden consisting primarily of rocks and rock plants.
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SUMMERHOUSE *
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A building in a garden or park designed to provide a shady retreat from the heat of the sun.
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GARDEN *
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An enclosed piece of ground devoted to the cultivation of flowers, fruit or vegetables and/or recreational purposes. Use more specific type where known.
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LANDSCAPE PARK *
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Grounds, usually associated with a country house, laid out so as to produce the effect of natural scenery
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STRUCTURE *
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A construction of unknown function, either extant or implied by archaeological evidence. If known, use more specific type.
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BARN *
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A building for the storage and processing of grain crops and for housing straw, farm equipment and occasionally livestock and their fodder. Use more specific type where known.
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SUNDIAL *
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A structure used to show the time of day by means of the sun shining on a 'gnomon', the shadow of which falls on the surface of the dial which is marked with a diagram showing the hours. Can be freestanding, usually on a pillar, or fixed to a building.
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HEDGE *
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Usually a row of bushes or small trees planted closely together to form a boundary between pieces of land or at the sides of a road.
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STABLE *
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A building in which horses are accommodated.
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PLANTATION *
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A group of planted trees or shrubs, generally of uniform age and of a single species.
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HA HA *
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A dry ditch or sunken fence which divided the formal garden from the landscaped park without interrupting the view.
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ROW *
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A row of buildings built during different periods, as opposed to a TERRACE.
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GATE *
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A movable stucture which enables or prevents entrance to be gained. Usually situated in a wall or similar barrier and supported by gate posts.
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GARDEN TERRACE *
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A flat, level area of ground within a garden. Often raised and accessed by steps.
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LAWN *
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A flat, and usually level area of mown and cultivated grass, attached to a house.
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STEPS *
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A series of flat-topped structures, usually made of stone or wood, used to facilitate a person's movement from one level to another.
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STREAM *
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A natural flow or current of water issuing from a source.
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MOUND *
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A natural or artificial elevation of earth or stones, such as the earth heaped upon a grave. Use more specific type where known.
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FENCE *
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A construction of wood or metal used to enclose an area of land, a building, etc.
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SHRUBBERY *
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A plantation of shrubs.
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SWIMMING POOL *
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A large, manmade pool, usually lined with tiles, rubber or similar. Can be placed in the open air, eg. a LIDO, or built as part of a covered sports centre.
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WALL *
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An enclosing structure composed of bricks, stones or similar materials, laid in courses. Use specific type where known.
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STATUE *
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A representation in the round of a living being, allegorical personage, eminent person or animal, etc, sculptured, moulded or cast in marble, metal, plaster, etc.
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SCARP *
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A steep bank or slope. In fortifications, the bank or wall immediately in front of and below the rampart.
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TERRACE *
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A row of houses attached to and adjoining one another and planned and built as one unit.
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RAISED BED *
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A bed raised above the level of the surrounding walks. A common feature of medieval and Renaissance gardens.
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